He mea nui ka ea maʻemaʻe no ke ola olakino, akā e like me ka World Health Organization (WHO), kokoke i ka 99% o ka heluna kanaka o ka honua e hanu ana i ka ea ma mua o ko lākou mau palena alakaʻi o ka haumia o ka ea. "ʻO ke ʻano o ka ea ke ana o ka nui o nā mea i loko o ka lewa, ʻo ia hoʻi nā particulates a me nā mea haumia kinoea," wahi a Kristina Pistone, he ʻepekema noiʻi ma NASA Ames Research Center. Uhi ka noiʻi a Pistone i nā wahi lewa a me ke aniau, me ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o nā ʻāpana lewa ma ke aniau a me nā ao. "He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka maikaʻi o ka ea no ka mea e pili ana ia i kou olakino a me ke ʻano o kou ola ʻana a me ka hele ʻana i kou lā," wahi a Pistone. Ua noho pū mākou me Pistone e aʻo hou e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka ea a pehea e hiki ai ke loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni.
He aha ka mea e hoʻoholo ai i ka maikaʻi o ka ea?
ʻEono mau mea haumia ea nui i hoʻoponopono ʻia e ka Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: nā mea particulate (PM), nā nitrogen oxides, ka ozone, nā sulfur oxides, ke kalapona monoxide, a me ke kēpau. Loaʻa kēia mau mea haumia mai nā kumu kūlohelohe, e like me nā mea particulate e piʻi aʻe ana i ka lewa mai nā ahi a me ka lepo o ka wao nahele, a i ʻole mai ka hana a ke kanaka, e like me ka ozone i hana ʻia mai ka lā e pane ana i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā kaʻa.
He aha ke koʻikoʻi o ka maikaʻi o ka ea?
Hoʻopilikia ka maikaʻi o ka ea i ke olakino a me ke ʻano o ke ola. "E like me kā mākou e pono ai e ʻai i ka wai, pono mākou e hanu i ka ea," wahi a Pistone. "Ua manaʻo mākou i ka wai maʻemaʻe no ka mea ua maopopo iā mākou he pono mākou iā ia e ola a olakino, a pono mākou e manaʻo i ka mea like mai ko mākou ea."
Ua pili ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ea i nā hopena cardiovascular a me ka hanu ʻana i loko o ke kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻopili pōkole ʻana i ka nitrogen dioxide (NO2), no ka laʻana, hiki ke hana i nā hōʻailona hanu e like me ke kuʻi ʻana a me ka wheezing, a ʻo ka hoʻopili lōʻihi ʻana e hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi hanu e like me ka hānō a i ʻole nā maʻi hanu. Hiki i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ozone ke hoʻonāukiuki i nā māmā a hōʻino i nā alaloa. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka PM2.5 (nā particulates 2.5 micrometers a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi) ke kumu o ka huhū o ka māmā a ua pili pū ʻia me nā maʻi puʻuwai a me ka māmā.
Ma waho aʻe o kona hopena i ke olakino kanaka, hiki i ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka ea ke hōʻino i ke kaiapuni, e hoʻohaumia ana i nā kino wai ma o ka acidification a me ka eutrophication. Pepehi kēia mau kaʻina hana i nā mea kanu, hoʻopau i nā meaʻai o ka lepo, a hōʻino i nā holoholona.
Ke Ana ʻana i ka Maikaʻi o ka Ea: ka Air Quality Index (AQI)
Ua like ke ʻano o ka ea me ke aniau; hiki ke loli koke, ʻoiai i loko o kekahi mau hola. No ke ana ʻana a me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ea, hoʻohana ka EPA i ka United States Air Quality Index (AQI). Ua helu ʻia ka AQI ma ke ana ʻana i kēlā me kēia o nā mea haumia ea mua ʻeono ma kahi unahi mai "Maikaʻi" a i "Pōʻino," e hana i kahi waiwai helu AQI i hui pū ʻia 0-500.
"ʻO ka maʻamau, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ka ea, ke ʻōlelo nei mākou aia nā mea i ka lewa a mākou i ʻike ai ʻaʻole maikaʻi no nā kānaka e hanu mau," wahi a Pistone. "No laila, no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka ea, pono ʻoe e noho ma lalo o kahi paepae o ka haumia." Hoʻohana nā wahi a puni ka honua i nā paepae like ʻole no ka maikaʻi o ka ea "maikaʻi", kahi mea e hilinaʻi pinepine ʻia i nā mea haumia a kā lākou ʻōnaehana e ana ai. Ma ka ʻōnaehana EPA, ʻo ka waiwai AQI o 50 a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa e manaʻo ʻia he maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻo 51-100 e manaʻo ʻia he kaulike. ʻO ka waiwai AQI ma waena o 100 a me 150 e manaʻo ʻia he maikaʻi ʻole no nā hui koʻikoʻi, a ʻo nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe he maikaʻi ʻole ia no nā mea āpau; hoʻopuka ʻia kahi leka hoʻomaopopo olakino ke hiki ka AQI i 200. ʻO kēlā me kēia waiwai ma luna o 300 e manaʻo ʻia he mea weliweli, a pili pinepine ʻia me ka haumia particulate mai nā ahi ahi.
Nā Huahana Noiʻi a me ka ʻIkepili o ka Ea NASA
He kumu waiwai nui nā mea ʻike maikaʻi o ka ea no ka hopu ʻana i ka ʻikepili maikaʻi o ka ea ma kahi pae kūloko.
I ka makahiki 2022, ua hoʻohana ka Trace Gas GRoup (TGGR) ma NASA Ames Research Center i ka Inexpensive Network Sensor Technology for Exploring Pollution, a i ʻole INSTEP: he pūnaewele hou o nā mea ʻike maikaʻi o ka ea haʻahaʻa e ana i nā ʻano mea haumia like ʻole. Ke hopu nei kēia mau mea ʻike i ka ʻikepili maikaʻi o ka ea ma kekahi mau wahi ma Kaleponi, Colorado, a me Mongolia, a ua hōʻoia ʻia he pono no ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ea i ka wā ahi o Kaleponi.
Ua hoʻohui ka misionari Airborne and Satellite Investigation of Asian Air Quality (ASIA-AQ) i ka ʻikepili sensor mai nā mokulele, nā satelite, a me nā kahua honua e loiloi i ka maikaʻi o ka ea ma luna o kekahi mau ʻāina ma ʻAsia. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili i hopu ʻia mai nā mea hana he nui ma kēia mau mokulele, e like me ka Meteorological Measurement System (MMS) mai NASA Ames Atmospheric Science Branch, e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka ea e wānana a loiloi i nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka ea.
Ma ke keʻena holoʻokoʻa, loaʻa iā NASA kahi ʻano o nā satelite nānā Honua a me nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e hopu a hōʻike i ka ʻikepili maikaʻi o ka ea. I ka makahiki 2023, ua hoʻokumu ʻo NASA i ka misionari Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO), kahi e ana ai i ka maikaʻi o ka ea a me ka haumia ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. Hāʻawi ka hāmeʻa Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for Earth Observations (LANCE) a NASA i nā mea wānana maikaʻi o ka ea me nā ana i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia mai nā mea hana NASA he nui, i loko o ʻekolu hola o kāna nānā ʻana.
I mea e loaʻa ai kahi kaiapuni maikaʻi o ka ea, hiki iā mākou ke nānā i ka ʻikepili maikaʻi o ka ea i ka manawa maoli. Eia nā mea ʻike e hiki ke ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka maikaʻi o ka ea
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-04-2024