Ua lilo ʻo Piezoresistive water level sensor i mea nui o ka hoʻolālā hoʻokele wai piha o Singapore, e kākoʻo ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka lāhui i kahi "Smart Water Grid." Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻatikala i nā noi like ʻole o kēia mau mea ʻike paʻa a pololei ma waena o nā ʻōnaehana wai kūlanakauhale o Singapore, mai ka pale ʻana i ka waikahe a hiki i ka hoʻokele wai a me nā ʻoihana wai akamai. Ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana e hoʻololi i ke kaomi wai i nā hōʻailona uila ma o nā mea piezoresistive, hāʻawi kēia mau mea ʻike i ka Singapore's Public Utilities Board (PUB) me ka ʻikepili hilinaʻi, manawa maoli e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hana, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻōnaehana resilience, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka lawelawe i loko o ka ʻōnaehana wai paʻakikī o ka ʻāina.
Introduction to Piezoresistive Sensing in Singapore's Water Sector
ʻO ka huakaʻi o Singapore e lilo i alakaʻi honua i ka hoʻokele wai ua alakaʻi ʻia e ka pono. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāina mokupuni liʻiliʻi me ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai kūlohelohe a me ka nāwaliwali nui i nā hopena hoʻololi e like me ka nui o ka ua a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kai, ua kālele nui ʻo Singapore i nā ʻenehana wai hou. Ma waena o kēia mau mea, ua puka mai nā mea ʻike kiʻekiʻe o ka wai piezoresistive ma ke ʻano he mea koʻikoʻi o ka ʻōnaehana kiaʻi wai o ka ʻāina, e hāʻawi ana i ka hilinaʻi like ʻole a me ka pololei i nā kaiaola wai like ʻole.
Hoʻohana ka Piezoresistive sensor i ke kumu e hoʻololi ai kekahi mau mea i ko lākou pale uila ke hoʻokau ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi mechanical. I nā noi pae wai, e ana kēia mau mea ʻike i ke kaomi hydrostatic i hoʻokō ʻia e kahi kolamu wai, e pili pono ana i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai. Hiki i kēia pilina kino ke hoʻoholo pololei i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai me ka nānā ʻole i ka mālamalama o ka wai, ka ʻūlū, a i ʻole ke kū ʻana o nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia - nā kumu e hoʻokūkū pinepine ai i nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe e like me ke kani ultrasonic a i ʻole nā mea ʻike maka.
ʻO ka Public Utilities Board (PUB), ke keʻena wai wai aupuni o Singapore, ua hoʻonohonoho pono i nā mea ʻike piezoresistive ma nā ʻāpana he nui o ka hoʻokele wai. Hoʻopuka kēia mau hoʻolaha i kekahi o nā luʻi kūʻokoʻa o Singapore: ka pono o ka wanana waikahe pololei i kahi ea e pili ana i ka ua nui, ke koi no ka hoʻokele waiwai i loko o kahi ʻāina liʻiliʻi i hoʻokumu i nā kolamu kūlanakauhale he nui, a me ke koi no ka ʻikepili hilinaʻi e hana i kahi ʻoihana wai paʻakikī a pili pū.
ʻO ka moʻolelo wai o Singapore kekahi o ka hoʻololi ʻana—mai ka nele wai a hiki i ka palekana wai. ʻO ka ʻEhā National Taps o ka lāhui (ka wai hopu kūloko, wai i lawe ʻia mai, NEWater, a me ka wai desalinated) e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻolako wai ʻokoʻa kahi e pono ai kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ke nānā pono. Hāʻawi ka Piezoresistive sensor i kēia hoʻolālā ma o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻikepili pololei a me ka manawa maoli e pono ai e hoʻokō i nā hana ma nā ʻehā ʻehā, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻōnaehana hopu kūloko e hōʻiliʻili nei i ka wai mai ʻelua hapakolu o ka ʻāina ʻo Singapore.
Hoʻopili ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana piezoresistive me ka hoʻolālā Smart Nation ākea o Singapore, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻikepili i nā ʻāpana āpau. Ma ka hoʻokele wai, unuhi kēia i nā mea ʻike ʻaʻole wale nō e hāʻawi i nā ana akā hoʻohui pū me ka maʻalahi me nā paepae analytics kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke mālama i ka wānana, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele automated, a me nā hiki ke aʻo mua. ʻO ka ikaika o nā mea ʻike piezoresistive-ʻo ko lākou hiki ke mālama i ka pololei ʻoiai ke biofouling, ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, a me ka waiho ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi-ʻo ia ka mea e kūpono loa iā lākou i ke kaiapuni o Singapore a me nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka PUB no ka maikaʻi o ka ʻikepili a me ka hilinaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana.
Mākaʻikaʻi ʻana i ke Kaʻina a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha mua
ʻO ke ea o Singapore e lawe mai i ka ua nui e hiki ke hoʻopau koke i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe, e hana pono i ka nānā ʻana i ka wai nui no ke kūpaʻa o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hoʻokō ka Public Utilities Board (PUB) i kahi pūnaewele nui o ka piezoresistive water level sensors ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kāna hoʻolālā hoʻokele hoʻokele waikahe, e hana ana i kekahi o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha nui o ke kaiapuni o ke kūlanakauhale. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea ʻike i ka ʻikepili koʻikoʻi e pono ai e wānana, nānā, a pane i nā hanana waikahe a puni ka ʻāina paʻa o ke kūlanakauhale.
Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻike ma nā wahi pilikia kiʻekiʻe
Ua hoʻokomo pono ʻo PUB i nā mea ʻike piezoresistive ma kahi o 200 mau wahi koʻikoʻi ma loko o ka ʻoihana hoʻoheheʻe wai o Singapore, me ka ʻike nui ʻana i nā wahi haʻahaʻa a me nā wahi wela o ka waikahe57. Ke nānā mau nei kēia mau mea ʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai ma nā awāwa, nā ʻauwai, a me nā muliwai, e hānai ana i ka ʻikepili manawa maoli i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele waena o PUB. Ua koho ʻia ka ʻenehana piezoresistive no kēia mau noi ma muli o kona hilinaʻi nui ʻana i nā kūlana kaiapuni paʻakikī o Singapore - ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, ka ua nui pinepine, a me ka hiki ke loaʻa i nā wai kahe i hoʻopiha ʻia e hiki ke hōʻino i nā ʻano ʻike ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā mea ʻike ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana nānā wai i hoʻohui ʻia e pili ana i ka radar ua, nā kamera CCTV, a me nā mākaʻikaʻi wai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka piezoresistive water level sensors ke kumu kumu, e hāʻawi ana i ke ana pololei loa o ka pilikia o ka waikahe maoli ma nā wahi kikoʻī. He mea waiwai nui ko lakou mau ana no ka mea, ua hopu lakou i ka hopena i hoohuiia o na ka'ina hana hydrological upstream a pau—ka ikaika o ka ua, ke ano o ka holo ana o ka wai, a me ka hana o ka wai wai—i loko o ka palena ho'okahi a ma'alahi hiki ke wehewehe: ka hohonu o ka wai.
Nā Mekani Makaala Automated
Hoʻohana ka ʻōnaehana nānā waikahe o Singapore i ka ʻikepili sensor piezoresistive e hoʻopuka i nā mākaʻikaʻi ma o nā ala he nui. Ke piʻi ka wai i nā paepae i koho mua ʻia (maʻamau ma 50%, 75%, 90%, a me 100% o nā hohonu koʻikoʻi), hoʻomaka ka ʻōnaehana i nā leka hoʻomaopopo ma o SMS, ka polokalamu kelepona ʻo MyWaters, a me nā hōʻike lumi hoʻomalu PUB kūloko7. Hāʻawi kēia ala ala makaʻala i nā pane puka, mai ka nānā maʻamau a hiki i nā hana ulia pōpilikia.
ʻO ka pololei kiʻekiʻe o ka piezoresistive sensors (± 0.1% o ka laulā piha i nā hoʻonohonoho he nui) e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā mākaʻikaʻi ma nā ana kikoʻī, e hōʻemi ana i nā ʻōhua hoʻopunipuni me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka manawa hoʻolaha kūpono. Hiki i nā poʻe noho a me nā ʻoihana ke kau inoa no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mākaʻikaʻi a hiki i ʻekolu mau wahi ʻike kikoʻī, e hiki ai i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo wai pilikino no nā wahi pilikia7. Hiki wale kēia pae o ka hana maʻamau no ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā mea ʻike piezoresistive i ka ʻikepili hilinaʻi mau i hilinaʻi ʻia e PUB a me ka lehulehu.
Hoʻohui ʻia me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomalu wai
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha, hoʻokele pololei ka ʻikepili sensor piezoresistive i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohaʻahaʻa wai ma nā wahi he nui ma Singapore. Ma nā wahi e like me Orchard Road—he moku kūʻai i loaʻa i ke kahe nui ʻana i ka makahiki 2010 a me 2011—e hoʻomaka ana ka ʻikepili sensor i ka hana ʻana o nā pale wai no ka manawa pōkole a hoʻāla i nā pamu ikaika e hoʻohuli i nā wai kahe5. He mea koʻikoʻi ka manawa pane wikiwiki o nā mea ʻike (ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi kekona) no kēia mau noi, e ʻae ana i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele e hana ma mua o ka paʻakikī o ke kahe.
ʻO kekahi noi kaulana ʻo ia ka papahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa "hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka wai" no nā hale ma nā wahi hiki ke kahe. Ma ʻaneʻi, hoʻopili ʻia nā mea ʻike piezoresistive i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā paka kaʻa ma lalo o ka hale i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻāla, e hāʻawi ana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo pololei i nā luna hale a me nā mea noho ke hoʻoweliweli ka wai. ʻO ke kūkulu paʻa ʻana o nā mea ʻike e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hana ʻana i ka hana pono ʻoiai i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi hapa, kahi kuhi maʻamau no nā ʻenehana liʻiliʻi paʻakikī.
Hana i ka wā o nā hanana ʻino loa
Ua hōʻoia ka ʻupena sensor piezoresistive o Singapore i kona waiwai i ka wā o nā hanana ua nui. No ka laʻana, i ka wā o ka ʻino 2018 i hāʻule ma kahi o 160mm o ka ua i loko o ʻehā mau hola-kekahi o ka ua ikaika loa i ka mōʻaukala o Singapore—ua hāʻawi ka ʻenehana sensor iā PUB me nā minuke i kēlā me kēia minuke i nā pae wai ma ka mokupuni. Ua ʻae ʻia kēia ʻikepili no ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o nā hui pane wai a me nā kamaʻilio lehulehu pololei e pili ana i nā wahi i pilikia loa.
Ua kōkua pū ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻikepili ma hope o ka hanana i ka PUB e ʻike i nā bottlenecks ʻōnaehana wai a hoʻopaʻa pono i nā hoʻopukapuka waiwai e hiki mai ana. ʻO ka hiki i nā mea ʻike piezoresistive ke hāʻawi i nā ana kūpono ʻoiai i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi e waiwai nui lākou no kēia mau noiʻi forensic, ʻoiai lākou e hopu i ka hydrograph piha o nā hanana waikahe me ka ʻole o ka ʻikepili i ka wā o ke kahe kiʻekiʻe.
Hooponopono Waiwai a me Wai
ʻO ke ala hou o Singapore i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻokele wai e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka nānā ʻana i ka pae wai kūpono, me nā mea ʻike piezoresistive e pāʻani ana i kahi koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka pono a me ka palekana o kēia mau waiwai wai koʻikoʻi. Ma ke ʻano he mokuʻāina mokuʻāina me ka liʻiliʻi o ka wai kūlohelohe, ua hoʻololi ʻo Singapore i kona ʻāina kūlanakauhale e lilo i wahi hoʻoheheʻe wai, e hana ana i kahi pūnaewele nui o nā waihona e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka wai mai ʻelua hapakolu o ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina. ʻO ka hoʻokele ʻana o kēia mau pūnāwai e koi ana i ka ʻikepili kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i ka manawa maoli—he koi i hoʻokō pono ʻia e ka ʻenehana sensor piezoresistive.
Mākaʻikaʻi Pūnaehana Waiwai ʻo Marina
ʻO ka Marina Reservoir, Singapore ka nui o ke kaona, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohana maʻalahi o nā mea ʻike piezoresistive i nā keʻena mālama wai nui. Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻia nā mea ʻike lehulehu ma nā hohonu a me nā wahi like ʻole ma loko o ka waihona no ka nānā ʻana ʻaʻole wale i ka pae wai holoʻokoʻa akā i nā hopena stratification a me nā ʻano like ʻole. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia mau ana no kekahi mau ʻano hana:
- Hoʻoponopono Waiwai: ʻO ka ʻikepili pae pololei e hōʻoia i ka uku hoʻihoʻi maikaʻi loa e mālama i ka lako me ka pale ʻana i ka huki pono ʻole.
- Hopu ʻia ʻo Stormwater: I ka wā o ka ua, kōkua nā mea ʻike e hoʻoholo i ka nui o nā kahe hou e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka waihona.
- Ka Mana Paʻakai: Ma ka Marina Barrage, hōʻike ka ʻikepili sensor i nā hana ʻīpuka e pale aku i ke komo ʻana o ka wai kai me ka ʻae ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.
Hoʻolālā kūikawā ʻia nā mea ʻike piezoresistive i loko o Marina Reservoir e kū i nā kūlana wai paʻakai kahi e hui ai ka wai maʻemaʻe me ke kai, me nā mea i koho ʻia e pale aku i ka ʻino i loko o kēia ʻano paʻakikī. ʻO kā lākou hana paʻa e hiki ai ke hana mau me ka liʻiliʻi o ka mālama ʻana, ʻoiai ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā kemika wai like ʻole.
Ka nānā 'ana i ka pahu ho'opa'a decentralized
Ma waho aʻe o nā pūnāwai nui, nānā nā mea ʻike piezoresistive i nā pae wai ma Singapore he nui nā pahu hoʻopaʻa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia - nā ʻōnaehana koʻikoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaomi wai a me nā mālama ulia pōpilikia ma ka pūnaewele hoʻolaha wai o ka mokupuni37. Hōʻike kēia mau noi i ka versatility o nā sensors:
- Nā Paʻa Paʻa ʻO Urban Rooftop: Ma nā hale kiʻekiʻe, hōʻoia nā mea ʻike i ka lako wai kūpono i nā papahele o luna me ka pale ʻana i ke kahe.
- Nā Waiwai lawelawe: Ke hoʻohana nei kēia mau keʻena mālama waena i ka ʻikepili sensor no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka papa kuhikuhi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu.
- ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka pilikia: mālama ʻia nā mālama hoʻolalelale no ka maloʻo a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona hemahema o ka ʻoihana e nānā pono ʻia no ka mākaukau.
Ua hoʻonohonoho ka PUB i nā sensor piezoresistive no kēia mau noi ma muli o kā lākou hana maʻamau ma waena o nā geometries tank like ʻole a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopili pololei me nā ʻōnaehana SCADA e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pūnaewele hoʻolaha wai o Singapore.
Hiki iā mākou ke hāʻawi i nā ʻano hoʻonā like ʻole no
1. ʻO ka mika paʻa lima no ka maikaʻi o ka wai
2. Pūnaehana Buoy lana no ka maika'i o ka wai
3. Palaki hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻakomi no ka ʻike wai ʻokoʻa
4. Hoʻopiha piha i nā kikowaena a me nā polokalamu uila uila, kākoʻo iā RS485 GPRS / 4g / WIFI / LORA / LORAWAN
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