Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loli i hoʻokele ʻia e ke aniau i nā mea hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe e hoʻopilikia i ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā kaiaolaola kai. Ua loiloi mākou i nā loli i ka mana o ka holo ʻana o ka muliwai ma nā ʻōnaehana kahakai o Northwestern Patagonia (NWP) i nā makahiki i hala iho nei (1993–2021) ma o ka loiloi hui pū ʻana o nā moʻo manawa kahe lōʻihi, ka hoʻohālikelike hydrological, nā ʻikepili i loaʻa mai ka satellite a me ka reanalysis ma nā kūlana o ka ʻilikai (mahana, turbidity, a me ka salinity). Ua ʻike ʻia ka emi nui ʻana o ke kahe liʻiliʻi o ke kahawai ma kahi ʻāpana e uhi ana i ʻeono mau kīʻaha muliwai nui ma nā pae hebedoma, mahina, a me ke kau. Ua ʻike nui ʻia kēia mau loli ma nā kīʻaha ʻākau i hui pū ʻia (e laʻa, ka Muliwai ʻo Puelo) akā ʻike ʻia e holomua ana i ka hema i nā muliwai i hōʻailona ʻia e kahi ʻōnaehana nival. Ma ke kai kūloko ʻelua papa e pili ana, ʻo ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe e pili ana me kahi halocline pāpaʻu a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana o ka ʻili ma ka ʻākau o Patagonia. Hōʻike kā mākou mau hopena i ka mana wikiwiki o nā muliwai ma nā wai estuarine a me nā wai kahakai ma NWP. Hōʻike mākou i ka pono no ka nānā ʻana i nā kaiaolaola like ʻole, ka wānana ʻana, ka hoʻēmi ʻana a me nā hoʻolālā hoʻololi i ke aniau e loli nei, me ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kīʻaha adaptive kūpono o nā ʻōnaehana e hoʻolako ana i ka wai kahe i nā wai kai kahakai.
ʻO nā muliwai ke kumu nui o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka wai maʻemaʻe o ka ʻāina i nā moana1. I loko o nā ʻōnaehana kahakai hapa-paʻa, ʻo nā muliwai kahi mea hoʻokele koʻikoʻi o nā kaʻina hana kahe2 a me ke alahaka ma waena o nā kaiaolaola honua a me ke kai, e lawe ana i nā meaʻai, nā mea olaola, a me nā sediments e hoʻohui i nā mea mai ke kahakai a me ke kai ākea3. Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina hou i nā loli i ka nui a me ka manawa o nā hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe i ke kai kahakai4. Hōʻike nā loiloi o nā moʻo manawa a me nā hiʻohiʻona hydrological i nā ʻano spatiotemporal like ʻole5, e like me ka laʻana, mai ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā hoʻokuʻu wai maʻemaʻe ma nā latitudes kiʻekiʻe6—ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka hau heheʻe—a hiki i ka emi ʻana o nā ʻano ma waena o nā latitudes ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka maloʻo hydrological7. Me ka nānā ʻole i ke kuhikuhi a me ka nui o nā ʻano i hōʻike ʻia nei, ua ʻike ʻia ka loli o ke aniau he mea hoʻokele nui o nā ʻōnaehana hydrological i hoʻololi ʻia8, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i loiloi piha ʻia a hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā hopena ma nā wai kahakai a me nā kaiaolaola a lākou e kākoʻo nei9. ʻO nā loli manawa i ke kahe ʻana o ke kahawai, i hoʻopili ʻia e ka loli o ke aniau (ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano ua a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana) a me nā kaomi anthropogenic e like me nā pā hydroelectric a i ʻole nā waiwai wai10,11, nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka irrigation, a me nā loli hoʻohana ʻāina12, he paʻakikī i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻano i nā mea hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe13,14. No ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi he nui nā wahi me nā ʻano ululāʻau like ʻole e hōʻike ana i ka kūpaʻa o ka ʻōnaehana i ka wā maloʻo ma mua o nā mea i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā mahiʻai ululāʻau a i ʻole ka mahiʻai15,16. Ma nā latitudes waena, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena o ka loli o ke aniau e hiki mai ana ma ke kai kahakai ma o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena o ka loli o ke aniau a me nā haunaele anthropogenic kūloko e pono ai nā nānā ʻana mai nā ʻōnaehana kuhikuhi me ka hoʻololi palena ʻia i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā loli i ke ʻano hydrological mai nā haunaele kanaka kūloko.
ʻO Patagonia Komohana (> 41°S ma ke kahakai Pākīpika o ʻAmelika Hema) e kū mai ana ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o kēia mau ʻāina i mālama pono ʻia, kahi e pono ai ka noiʻi e hoʻomau nei e nānā a mālama i kēia mau kaiaolaola. Ma kēia ʻāina, pili nā muliwai e kahe manuahi ana me ka geomorphology kahakai paʻakikī e hoʻokumu i kekahi o nā macro-estuaries ākea loa o ka honua17,18. Ma muli o ko lākou mamao loa, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia nā kīʻaha muliwai o Patagonia, me ka uhi ululāʻau kūloko kiʻekiʻe19, ka haʻahaʻa o ka heluna kanaka, a ma ke ʻano laulā ʻaʻohe pā, nā waihona wai, a me nā ʻōnaehana irrigation. ʻO ka nāwaliwali o kēia mau kaiaolaola kahakai i nā loli o ke kaiapuni e hilinaʻi nui ʻia, ma ka hoʻonui ʻana, ma kā lākou pilina me nā kumu wai maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā wai kahakai o Northwestern Patagonia (NWP; 41–46 ºS), me ka ua pololei a me ka holo ʻana o ka muliwai, e launa pū me nā wai moana, ʻoiai ka Wai Subantarctic kiʻekiʻe-paʻakai (SAAW). ʻO kēia, ma ka huli ʻana, hoʻohuli i nā ʻano o ke kaʻapuni ʻana, ka hoʻohou hou ʻana o ka wai, a me ka ea20 ma o ka hana ʻana o nā gradients salinity ikaika, me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka loli o ke kau a me ka heterogeneity spatial i loko o ka halocline21. Hoʻohuli pū ka pilina ma waena o kēia mau kumu wai ʻelua i ka haku mele ʻana o nā kaiāulu planktonic22, hoʻopilikia i ka attenuation māmā23, a alakaʻi i ka dilution o nā nui o ka Nitrogen a me Phosphorus i loko o ka SAAW24 a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lako orthosilicate i ka papa ʻili25,26. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hopena o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka wai maʻemaʻe i kahi gradient kū pololei ikaika o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (DO) i loko o kēia mau wai estuarine, me ka papa o luna e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka DO kiʻekiʻe (6-8 mL L−1)27.
ʻO ke komo ʻana i kaupalena ʻia e hōʻike ana i nā kīʻaha ʻāina o Patagonia e kūʻē ana i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana o ke kahakai, ʻoiai e ka ʻoihana aquaculture, kahi ʻāpana waiwai koʻikoʻi ma Chile. I kēia manawa ua helu ʻia ma waena o nā mea hana aquaculture kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua, ʻo Chile ka lua o ka mea hoʻopuka nui loa o ka salmon a me ka trout, a ʻo ia ka mea hoʻopuka nui loa o nā mussels28. ʻO ka mahiʻai salmon a me mussel, kahi e noho nei ma kahi o 2300 mau kahua ʻaelike me ka huina o kahi o 24,000 ha ma ka ʻāina, e hoʻopuka ana i ka waiwai waiwai koʻikoʻi ma ka hema o Chile29. ʻAʻole kēia hoʻomohala ʻana me ka ʻole o nā hopena kaiapuni, ʻoiai ma ke ʻano o ka mahiʻai salmon, kahi hana e hāʻawi ana i nā meaʻai exogenous i kēia mau kaiaolaola30. Ua hōʻike ʻia hoʻi he mea palupalu loa ia i nā loli e pili ana i ke aniau31,32.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma NWP i ka emi ʻana o nā mea hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe33 a ua manaʻo ʻia ka emi ʻana o ke kahe ʻana o ke kahawai i ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule34, a me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o nā maloʻo hydrological35. Hoʻopili kēia mau loli i nā mea hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe i nā ʻano kaiapuni koke a loaʻa nā hopena cascading i nā dinamika kaiaola ākea. No ka laʻana, ua lilo nā kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka wai ʻilikai i ka wā maloʻo kauwela-hāʻule i mea pinepine, a, i kekahi mau hihia, ua hoʻopilikia i ka ʻoihana aquaculture ma o hypoxia36, hoʻonui ʻia ka parasitism, a me nā pua algal ʻino32,37,38 (HABs).
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hōʻike nā haʻawina i hana ʻia ma NWP i ka emi ʻana o nā mea hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe33 a ua manaʻo ʻia ka emi ʻana o ke kahe ʻana o ke kahawai i ke kauwela a me ka hāʻule34, a me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o nā maloʻo hydrological35. Hoʻopili kēia mau loli i nā mea hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe i nā ʻano kaiapuni koke a loaʻa nā hopena cascading i nā dinamika kaiaola ākea. No ka laʻana, ua lilo nā kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka wai ʻilikai i ka wā maloʻo kauwela-hāʻule i mea pinepine, a, i kekahi mau hihia, ua hoʻopilikia i ka ʻoihana aquaculture ma o hypoxia36, hoʻonui ʻia ka parasitism, a me nā pua algal ʻino32,37,38 (HABs).
ʻO ka ʻike o kēia manawa e pili ana i ka emi ʻana o nā mea hoʻokomo wai maʻemaʻe ma NWP e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana o nā metrics hydrological39, e wehewehe ana i nā waiwai helu a i ʻole dynamical o nā moʻo ʻikepili hydrologic i loaʻa mai kahi helu palena o nā moʻolelo lōʻihi a me ka uhi spatial liʻiliʻi. No nā kūlana hydrographic e pili ana i nā wai estuarine o NWP a i ʻole ke kai kahakai e pili ana, ʻaʻohe moʻolelo in-situ lōʻihi i loaʻa. Ma muli o ka nāwaliwali o nā hana socio-economic kahakai i nā hopena o ka loli o ke aniau, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i kahi ala interface land-sea piha i ka hoʻokele a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka loli o ke aniau he mea nui40. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia, ua hoʻohui mākou i ka hoʻohālike hydrological (1990–2020) me ka ʻikepili i loaʻa mai ka satellite a me ka reanalysis ma nā kūlana o ka ʻilikai (1993–2020). ʻElua mau pahuhopu nui o kēia ala: (1) e loiloi i nā ʻano mōʻaukala i nā metrics hydrological ma kahi pae ʻāina a (2) e nānā i nā hopena o kēia mau loli no ka ʻōnaehana kahakai e pili ana, ʻoi aku hoʻi e pili ana i ka salinity o ka ʻilikai, ka mahana, a me ka turbidity.
Hiki iā mākou ke hoʻolako i nā ʻano sensor akamai like ʻole e nānā i ka hydrology a me ka maikaʻi o ka wai, e ʻoluʻolu e kūkākūkā.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-18-2024