Ke kūkākūkā nei ʻo Polofesa Boyd i kahi loli koʻikoʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ke kaumaha e hiki ke pepehi a hoʻoulu paha i ka makemake ʻole, ka ulu lohi a me ka maʻalahi nui i ka maʻi.
Ua ʻike nui ʻia i waena o nā mea mahiʻai wai ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaola meaʻai kūlohelohe e kaupalena ana i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōpae a me ka hapa nui o nā ʻano iʻa i loko o nā loko i kahi o 500 kg no ka hectare no kēlā me kēia mea kanu (kg/ha/mea kanu). I ka mahiʻai semi-intensive me nā meaʻai i hana ʻia a me ka hoʻololi wai i kēlā me kēia lā akā ʻaʻohe aeration, hiki i ka hana ke hōʻea i 1,500-2,000 kg/ha/mea kanu, akā i ka nui o ka hua, ʻo ka nui o ka meaʻai e pono ai ke kumu o ka pilikia nui o ka DO haʻahaʻa. No laila, ʻo ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (DO) kahi mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hua o ka mahiʻai wai loko.
Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ea me ka mīkini e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka meaʻai i hoʻokomo ʻia a ʻae i ka nui o ka hua. ʻO kēlā me kēia horsepower no ka hectare o ka hoʻoulu ʻana e ʻae i kahi 10-12 kg/ha o ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā no ka hapa nui o nā ʻano mahiʻai. ʻAʻole ia he mea maʻamau ka hana ʻana o 10,000–12,000 kg/ha/mea kanu me nā kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ea. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā hua nui aʻe i loko o nā loko a me nā pahu i uhi ʻia i ka plastik me nā kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ea.
ʻAʻole lohe pinepine ʻia ke ʻano o ka hanu ʻana a i ʻole ke kaumaha e pili ana i ka oxygen i ka hana ʻana i nā moa, nā puaʻa a me nā bipi i hānai ʻia ma ka nui o ka nui, akā he mea maʻamau kēia mau hanana i ka mahiʻai aqua. E wehewehe ʻia nā kumu he mea nui ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka mahiʻai aqua.
Aia i loko o ka ea kokoke i ka ʻili o ka honua he 20.95 pakeneka o ka oxygen, 78.08 pakeneka o ka naikokene, a me nā pakeneka liʻiliʻi o ke kalapona ʻokikene a me nā kinoea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen molekala e pono ai e hoʻopiha i ka wai maʻemaʻe ma ke kaomi lewa maʻamau (760 milliliters o ka mercury) a me 30 degere-C he 7.54 mg no ka lita (mg/L). ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ke ao i ka wā e hoʻomau ai ka photosynthesis, ua piha pinepine ka wai i loko o ka loko me ka DO (hiki ke 10 mg/L a ʻoi aku paha ka nui ma ka wai o luna), no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen ma o ka photosynthesis ma mua o ka nalowale ʻana o ka oxygen ma o ka hanu ʻana a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka lewa. I ka pō i ka wā e pau ai ka photosynthesis, e emi ana ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia - i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 3 mg/L i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka nui haʻahaʻa loa no ka hapa nui o nā ʻano wai i mahi ʻia.
Hanu nā holoholona o ka ʻāina i ka ea e loaʻa ai ka oxygen molekala, kahi i omo ʻia ma o nā alveoli i loko o ko lākou mau māmā. Pono nā iʻa a me nā ʻōpae e pamu i ka wai ma o ko lākou mau ʻūhā e omo i ka oxygen molekala ma o ko lākou mau lamellae ʻūhā. ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka hanu ʻana a i ʻole ka pamu ʻana i ka wai ma o nā ʻūhā e pono ai ka ikehu e like me ke kaumaha o ka ea a i ʻole ka wai i komo.
E helu ʻia nā kaumaha o ka ea a me ka wai e pono e hanu ʻia a i ʻole e pamu ʻia e hōʻike i nā ʻili hanu i 1.0 mg o ka oxygen molekala. No ka mea, he 20.95 pakeneka o ka oxygen ka ea, ma kahi o 4.8 mg o ka ea e loaʻa ai ka 1.0 mg oxygen.
I loko o kahi loko ʻōpae me ka wai e loaʻa ana he 30 ppt paʻakai ma 30 degere-C (ka nui o ka wai = 1.0180 g/L) ʻo ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā e hoʻopiha ʻia ai me ka lewa he 6.39 mg/L. ʻO ka nui o 0.156 L o ka wai e loaʻa ana he 1.0 mg o ka oxygen, a he 159 grams (159,000 mg) ke kaumaha. He 33,125 manawa kēia i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kaumaha o ka ea e loaʻa ana he 1.0 mg oxygen.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ikehu i hoʻolilo ʻia e nā holoholona wai
Pono ka ʻōpae a i ʻole ka iʻa e hoʻolilo i ka ikehu nui aʻe e loaʻa ai ka nui like o ka oxygen ma mua o ka holoholona o ka ʻāina. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pilikia ke emi ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai no ka mea pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka wai hou aʻe ma waena o nā ʻōpū e hōʻike iā lākou i ka 1.0 mg oxygen.
Ke wehe nā holoholona o ka ʻāina i ka oxygen mai ka lewa, hoʻihoʻi maʻalahi ʻia ka oxygen, no ka mea, ke kaʻapuni manuahi nei ka ea no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kona mānoanoa ma mua o ka wai, e laʻa, ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka ea ma 25 degere-C he 1.18 g/L i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 995.65 g/L no ka wai maʻemaʻe ma ka mahana like. I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana mahiʻai wai, pono e pani ʻia ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka iʻa a i ʻole ka ʻōpae e ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka oxygen lewa i loko o ka wai, a pono ke kaʻapuni ʻana o ka wai e hoʻoneʻe i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ka ʻili wai i loko o ke kolamu wai no ka iʻa a i ʻole i lalo no ka ʻōpae. ʻOi aku ke kaumaha o ka wai ma mua o ka ea a ʻoi aku ka lohi o ke kaʻapuni ʻana ma mua o ka ea, ʻoiai ke kōkua ʻia ke kaʻapuni e nā ʻano mechanical e like me nā aerators.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka oxygen i loko o ka wai i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ea - ma ka saturation a me 30 degere-C, ʻo ka wai maʻemaʻe he 0.000754 pakeneka oxygen (ʻo ka ea he 20.95 pakeneka oxygen). ʻOiai hiki i ka oxygen molecular ke komo koke i ka papa o luna o kahi nui wai, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma o ka nui holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka wikiwiki o ka hui ʻana o ka wai i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka oxygen ma ka ʻili i loko o ka nui wai ma o ka convection. Hiki i kahi iʻa nui a i ʻole ka biomass shrimp i loko o kahi loko iʻa ke hoʻopau koke i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
He paʻakikī ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka oxygen
Hiki ke hoʻākāka ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka iʻa a i ʻole ka ʻōpae me ka oxygen penei. ʻAe nā kūlana aupuni ma kahi o 4.7 kānaka no ka mika kūlike ma nā hanana waho. Manaʻo ʻia he 62 kg ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia kanaka ma ka awelika honua, a laila he 2,914,000 kg/ha o ka biomass kanaka. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i ka iʻa a me ka ʻōpae kahi koi oxygen no ka hanu ʻana ma kahi o 300 mg oxygen/kg ke kaumaha o ke kino i kēlā me kēia hola. Hiki i kēia kaumaha o ka biomass iʻa ke hoʻopau i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi loko wai maʻemaʻe he 10,000-cubic-mika i hoʻopiha mua ʻia me ka oxygen ma 30 degere-C i loko o 5 mau minuke, a e make nā holoholona mahiʻai. ʻAʻole e pilikia ka hanu ʻana o nā kānaka he kanahākumamāhiku tausani no ka hectare ma kahi hanana waho ma hope o kekahi mau hola.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka oxygen hoʻoheheʻe ʻia no ka mea hiki iā ia ke pepehi pololei i nā holoholona mahiʻai iʻa, akā i ka manawa mau, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻoluhi i nā holoholona wai e alakaʻi ana i ka makemake ʻole, ka ulu lohi a me ka maʻalahi o ka maʻi.
Ke kaulike ʻana i ka nui o nā holoholona a me nā meaʻai hānai
ʻO ka oxygen hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa e pili pū ana me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā metabolites hiki ke ʻawahia i loko o ka wai. ʻO kēia mau mea ʻawahia e komo pū me ke kalapona ʻokikene, ammonia, nitrite a me ka sulfide. Ma ke ʻano he kānāwai maʻamau, i loko o nā loko kahi i kūpono ai nā ʻano maikaʻi wai kumu o ke kumu wai no ka mahi ʻana i ka iʻa a me ka ʻōpae, e lilo nā pilikia maikaʻi wai i mea ʻē aʻe inā e hōʻoia ʻia ka nui o ka oxygen hoʻoheheʻe kūpono. Pono kēia i ke kaulike ʻana i ka mālama ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma o nā kumu kūlohelohe a i ʻole e like me ka hoʻohui ʻia me ka aeration i loko o ka ʻōnaehana mahiʻai.
I ka mahi ʻana i ka wai ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko o nā loko, ʻo ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka mea koʻikoʻi loa i ka pō. Akā i nā ʻano mahi hou a ʻoi aku ka ikaika, nui ka noi no ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a pono e mālama mau ʻia ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka aeration mechanical.
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ʻO nā ʻano mea ʻike wai like ʻole no kāu kuhikuhi, e ʻoluʻolu e kūkākūkā
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-30-2024