Kūkākūkā ʻo Polofesa Boyd i kahi ʻano hoʻololi koʻikoʻi a hoʻoulu i ke kaumaha e hiki ke pepehi a hoʻoulu i ka ʻai ʻole, ulu lohi a me ka maʻalahi o ka maʻi.
Ua ʻike nui ʻia ma waena o ka poʻe lawaiʻa i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaola meaʻai maoli e kaupalena ʻia ai ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōpae a me ka hapa nui o nā iʻa i loko o nā loko i kahi o 500 kg no ka ʻeka no kēlā me kēia mea kanu (kg/ha/ʻai). Ma ka moʻomeheu semi-intensive me nā meaʻai i hana ʻia a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā akā ʻaʻohe aeration, hiki i ka hana ke piʻi i ka 1,500–2,000 kg/ha/ʻai, akā i ka nui o nā meaʻai, ʻo ka nui o ka hānai e pono ai ke kumu nui o ka haʻahaʻa DO haʻahaʻa. No laila, ʻo ka oxygen dissolved (DO) he mea hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka loko iʻa.
Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka aeration mechanical e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā meaʻai hiki a hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hua. ʻO kēlā me kēia horsepower no ka ʻeka o ka aeration e ʻae ʻia ma kahi o 10-12 kg/ha o ka meaʻai i kēlā me kēia lā no ka hapa nui o nā ʻano moʻomeheu. He mea maʻamau ka hana ʻana o 10,000–12,000 kg/ha/ʻai me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka aeration. Hiki ke loaʻa nā hua ʻoi aʻe i loko o nā loko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka plastik a me nā pahu me ka nui o ka ea.
ʻAʻole lohe ka poʻe i ke koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka oxygen i ka hana ʻana i nā moa, nā puaʻa a me nā pipi i hanai ʻia ma ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, akā he mea maʻamau kēia mau mea i ka iʻa. E wehewehe ʻia nā kumu nui o ka oxygen dissolved i ka iʻa.
Aia i loko o ka ea kokoke i ka ili o ka honua he 20.95 pākēneka o ka oxygen, 78.08 pākēneka nitrogen, a me nā pākēneka liʻiliʻi o carbon dioxide a me nā kinoea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen molekala e pono ai no ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe ma ke kaomi lewa maʻamau (760 milliliters o ka mercury) a me 30 degere-C he 7.54 mg no ka lita (mg/L). ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ke ao e hoʻomaka ana ka photosynthesis, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka loko iʻa me DO (he 10 mg/L a ʻoi aʻe paha ka ʻike ma ka wai honua), no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka oxygen ma ka photosynthesis ma mua o ka nalowale o ka oxygen ma o ka hanu ʻana a me ka laha ʻana i ka lewa. I ka pō i ka pau ʻana o ka photosynthesis, e emi ana ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia - i kekahi manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma lalo o 3 mg/L i manaʻo pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e ʻae ʻia no ka hapa nui o nā ʻano wai i mahi ʻia.
Hanu nā holoholona o ka ʻāina i ka ea no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen molekala, i hoʻomoʻa ʻia ma o ka alveoli i loko o ko lākou mau māmā. Pono ka iʻa a me ka ʻōpae i ka wai ma luna o kā lākou gills e hoʻomoʻa i ka oxygen molekala ma o kā lākou gill lamellae. ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana o ka hanu ʻana a i ʻole ka paila ʻana i ka wai ma o nā gills e pono ai ka ikehu e like me ke kaumaha o ka ea a i ʻole ka wai.
E helu ʻia nā paona o ka ea a me ka wai e hanu ʻia a i ʻole e puhi ʻia e hōʻike i nā ʻili hanu i 1.0 mg o ka oxygen molecular. No ka mea he 20.95 pakeneka o ka oxygen ka ea, ma kahi o 4.8 mg o ka ea e loaʻa i ka 1.0 mg oxygen.
I loko o kahi loko ʻōpae me ka wai he 30 ppt salinity ma 30 degere-C (ka wai wai = 1.0180 g/L) ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka oxygen i ka saturation me ka lewa he 6.39 mg/L. He 1.0 mg o ka oxygen ka nui o ka 0.156 L o ka wai, a he 159 grams (159,000 mg) kona kaumaha. He 33,125 manawa ʻoi aku kēia ma mua o ke kaumaha o ka ea i loaʻa ka 1.0 mg oxygen.
ʻOi aku ka ikehu i hoʻohana ʻia e nā holoholona wai
Pono ka ʻōpae a iʻa paha e hoʻonui i ka ikehu e loaʻa ai ka nui o ka oxygen ma mua o ka holoholona ʻāina. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka pilikia i ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai no ka mea pono e hoʻonui ʻia ka wai ma waena o nā gills e hōʻike iā lākou i ka 1.0 mg oxygen.
Ke hoʻoneʻe nā holoholona ʻāina i ka oxygen mai ka lewa, ua maʻalahi ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka oxygen, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ea ma mua o ka wai, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka ea ma 25 degere-C he 1.18 g/L ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 995.65 g/L no ka wai hou ma ka mahana like. I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana iʻa, pono e hoʻololi ʻia ka oxygen dissolved i lawe ʻia e ka iʻa a i ʻole ka ʻōpae e ka laha ʻana o ka oxygen ea i loko o ka wai, a pono ke kaʻa ʻana o ka wai e neʻe i ka oxygen dissolved mai ka ʻili wai i loko o ke kolamu wai no ka iʻa a i lalo no ka ʻōpae. ʻOi aku ke kaumaha o ka wai ma mua o ka ea a ʻoi aku ka mālie o ka holo ʻana ma mua o ka ea, ʻoiai ke kōkua ʻia ke kahe ʻana e nā mea mechanical e like me nā aerators.
ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka oxygen i ka wai ma mua o ka ea - ma ka saturation a me 30 degere-C, ʻo ka wai maʻemaʻe he 0.000754 pakeneka oxygen (ʻo ka ea he 20.95 pakeneka o ka oxygen). ʻOiai hiki ke komo koke ka oxygen molecular i ka ʻili o ka wai, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma o ka nuipa holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i ka nui o ka hui ʻana o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe oxygen ma ka ʻili i loko o ka nui wai ma o ka convection. Hiki i ka iʻa nui a i ʻole ka biomass ʻōpae i loko o ka loko iʻa ke hoʻopau koke i ka oxygen dissolved.
He paʻakikī ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka oxygen
ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka iʻa a i ʻole ka ʻōpae me ka oxygen hiki ke hōʻike ʻia penei. ʻAe nā kūlana aupuni ma kahi o 4.7 kanaka i kēlā me kēia mika square ma nā hanana waho. Inā paha he 62 kg ka awelika o kēlā me kēia kanaka, a laila he 2,914,000 kg/ha o ka biomass kanaka. Loaʻa i ka iʻa a me ka ʻōpae ke koi o ka oxygen no ka hanu ʻana ma kahi o 300 mg oxygen/kg paona kino i kēlā me kēia hola. Hiki i kēia kaumaha o ka biomass iʻa ke hoʻopau i ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka loko wai maʻemaʻe 10,000-cubic-mika i hoʻopiha mua ʻia me ka oxygen ma 30 degere-C i loko o 5 mau minuke, a e ʻeha nā holoholona moʻomeheu. ʻAʻole pilikia ka hanu ʻana ma hope o kekahi mau hola he kanahākūmāhiku tausani kānaka ma ka ʻeka ma kahi hanana waho.
He ʻano koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka oxygen dissolved no ka mea hiki iā ia ke pepehi pololei i nā holoholona iʻa, akā ʻo ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa i nā holoholona wai e alakaʻi ai i ka ʻai ʻole, ulu lohi a hiki i ka maʻi.
Ke kaulike ʻana i ka nui o nā holoholona a me nā mea hānai
Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka oxygen haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā metabolites hiki ke make i loko o ka wai. ʻO kēia mau toxins ka carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrite a me ka sulfide. Ma ke ʻano maʻamau, i loko o nā loko i kūpono nā ʻano wai kumu o ke kumu wai no ka moʻomeheu iʻa a me ka moʻomeheu ʻoʻo, ʻaʻole maʻamau ka pilikia o ka wai i ka wā e hōʻoia ʻia ai ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen dissolved. Pono kēia i ke kaulike ʻana i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana me ka loaʻa o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma o nā kumu kūlohelohe a i ʻole i hoʻohui ʻia me ka aeration i ka ʻōnaehana moʻomeheu.
I ka moʻomeheu wai ʻōmaʻomaʻo i loko o nā loko, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen i ka pō. Akā i nā ʻano moʻomeheu hou aʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka koi no ka oxygen dissolved a pono e hoʻomau mau ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen e ka mechanical aeration.
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Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-30-2024